Pre-Competition Body Weight, Hydration, and Stress Hormone Changes Among Wrestlers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10445606Keywords:
Body Weight Loss, Electrolyte, Hydration, Stress Hormones, Plasma OsmolarityAbstract
Reducing pre-competition body weight in wrestlers is a widely used method. However, losing weight fast in a short time influences athletes’ hydration levels, electrolyte levels and stress status negatively. The purpose of the study was to determine wrestlers’ pre-competition body weights, hydration and electrolyte levels and stress hormone changes. The study sample was composed of 24 young male wrestlers. Wrestlers’ pre-tests were performed 20 days before competition and post-tests were performed at competition weighing-time. With tests, wrestlers’ body weights and heights were measured. Also, with the help of the specialists, 5 cc. of blood samples were drawn from forearm veins of the participant wrestlers. According to plasma osmolarity (POsm) levels of the wrestlers, their hydration status was evaluated. Also, analyses were made for potassium, calcium, chloride, magnesium and iron electrolyte levels as well as stress hormones such as cortisol, prolactin, total testosterone and insulin hormone. For the analyses of the data; descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon Rank test were employed. Correlation between plasma osmolarity and hormones was assessed using Spearman correlation coefficient. There were significant differences between wrestlers’ pre-test and post-test measurements in terms of body weights, plasma osmolarity, cortisol, prolactin, total testosterone, sodium, potassium, chloride, iron and magnesium values. It was identified that during pre-competition wrestlers’ body weights reduced by 3.96% and they became subjected to dehydration, their cortisol and prolactin hormones increased but their total testosterone decreased.
References
Anderson DA, Shapiro JR, Lundgren JD, Spataro LE, Frye CA. Self-reported dietary restraint is associated with elevated levels of salivary cortisol. Appetite 2002; 38: 13
Artioli G.G; Franchini E., Nicastro H., Sterkowicz S., Solis M.Y., Junior A.H.L. (2010) The need of a Weight management control program in judo: a proposal based on the successful case of wrestling. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrion. 7:15.
Benton D. (2011). Dehydration Influences Mood and Cognition: A Plausible Hypothesis? Nutrients, 2011, 3(5): 557-573.
Brownlee K.K, Moore A.W. and Hackney A.C (2005). Relatıonshıp between Cırculatıng Cortısol and Testosterone: Influence of Physıcal Exercıse. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 4, 76-83.
Cheuvront, S. N., Ely, B. R., Kenefick, R. W., & Sawka, M. N. (2010). Biological variation and diagnostic accuracy of dehydration assessment markers. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 92(3), 565-573.
Choma CW, Sforzo GA, Keller BA (1998). Impact of rapid weight loss on cognitive function in collegiate wrestlers. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 30:746-749.
Coufalova K., Prokesova E., Maly T., Heller J. (2013) Body weight reduction in combat sports.Arcives of Budo.4:267-272.
Cumming DC, Quigley ME, Yen SSC (1983) Acute suppression of circulating testosterone levels by cortisol in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 57:671–673
Daly W, Seegers C.A, Rubin D.A, Dobridge J.D, Hackney A.C (2005) Relationship between stres hormones and testosterone with prolonged endurance exercise. Eur J Appl Phyciol. 93: 375-380.
Degoutte F, Jouanel P, Begue RJ, Colombler M, Lac G, Pequignot, Filaire E (2006 Food restriction, performance, biochemical, psychological, and endocrine changes in judo athletes. Int J Sports Med, 27: 9-18.
Demirhan E., Kutlu M., Koz M., Ünver R., Bulut E (2012) The investigation of Body Composition and Hydration Changes in Elite Wrestlers. Selçuk Unıversity Journal of Physical Education and Sports Science. 14(2):179-183.
Dorfman, L. (2011). Krause's Food & The Nutrition Care Process, Chapter 24, Nutrition for Exercise and Sports Performance. WB Saunders.
García-Morales, E. J., Cariappa, R., Parvin, C. A., Scott, M. G., & Diringer, M. N. (2004). Osmole gap in neurologic-neurosurgical intensive care unit: Its normal value, calculation, and relationship with mannitol serum concentrations. Critical Care Medicine, 32(4), 986-991.
Gibs A.E, Pickerman J, Sekiya J.K (2009). Weight Management in Amateur Wrestling. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach. 1:227-230
Hackney AC, Dobridge J (2003) Exercise and male hypogonadism: testosterone, the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, and physical exercise In: Winters S (ed) Male hypogonadism: basic, clinical, and therapeutic principles. Humana Press, Totowa, N.J., pp305–330
Hackney AC, Sharp RL, Runyan WS, Ness RJ (1989) Relationship of resting prolactin and testosterone in males during intensive training. Br J Sports Med 23:194.
Hall CJ, Lane AM (2001) Effects of rapid weight loss on mood and performance among amateur boxers. Br J Sports Med 2001;35:390-395.
Lambert C, Jones B (2010). Alternatives to Rapid Weight Loss in US Wrestling. Int J Sports Med, 31: 523 – 528.
Popowski, L. A., Oppliger, R. A., Patrick, L. G., Johnson, R. F., Kim, J. A., & Gisolf, C. V. (2001). Blood and urinary measures of hydration status during progressive acute dehydration. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), 747-753.
Roemmich JN, Sinning WE.Weight loss andwrestling training: effects on growth-related hormones. J Appl Physiol 1997; 82: 1760–1764
Shirreffs, S.M. ”The Importance of Good Hydration for Work And Exercise Performance”. Nutr Rev. Jun;63(6 Pt 2):S14-21, 2005.
Shirreffs, S. M. (2000). Markers of hydration status. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 40(1), 80-84.
Steen SN, Brownell KD (1990). Patterns of weight loss and regain in wrestlers:has the tradition changed? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 22:762-768.
Strauss RH, Lanese RR, Malarkey WB. Weight loss in amateur wrestlers and its effect on serum testosterone levels. JAMA 1985; 20: 3337–3338
Türsen, Ü (2011). Stres, Hormonlar ve Deri. Dermatoz, 2(2):308-319.
Wilson, M.M.; Morley, J.E. (2003). Impaired cognitive function and mental performance in mild dehydration. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 57 (Suppl. 2), S24–S29.
Yildirim, I. (2015). Associations among dehydration, testosterone and stress hormones in terms of body weight loss before competition. The American journal of the medical sciences, 350(2), 103-108.
Sawka, M. N., Burke, L. M., Eichner, E. R., Maughan, R. J., Montain, S. J., & Stachenfeld, N. S. (2007). Exercise and fluid replacement. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 39(2), 377-90.
Rehrer, N. J. (2001). Fluid and electrolyte balance in ultra-endurance sport. Sports Medicine, 31(10), 701-715.
Demirkan, E., Koz, M., & Kutlu, M. (2010). Sporcularıda Dehidrasyonun Performans Üzerine Etkileri ve Vücut Hidrasyon Düzeyinin İzlenmesi. Sportmetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(3), 81-92.
Born, S. (1999). Electrolyte Replenishment. Cli Sport Med, 18(3), 513-24.
Hall, J. E. (2015). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology e-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Urban, R. J., Bodenburg, Y. H., Gilkison, C.., Foxworth, J. U. D. Y., Coggan, A. R., Wolfe, R. R., & Ferrando, A. (1995). Testosterone administration to elderly men increases skeletal muscle strength and protein synthesis. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 269(5), E820-E826.
Griggs, R. C., Kingston, W.., Jozefowicz, R. F., Herr, B. E., Forbes, G.., & Halliday, D. (1989). Effect of testosterone on muscle mass and muscle protein synthesis. Journal of Applied Physiology, 66(1), 498-503.
Civan, A., Özdemir, İ., Gencer, Y. G., & Durmaz, M (2018). Exercise and Stress Hormones. Türkiye Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 1-14.
Widmaier EP, Raff H, Strang KT. (2011). Vander’s human physiology: the mechanisms of body function. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Hoffman, J. (2014). Physiological aspects of sport training and performance. Human Kinetics.
Di Luigi, L. (2008). Supplements and the endocrine system in athletes. Clinics in sports medicine, 27(1), 131-151.
Ozkan, I., & Ibrahim, C. H. (2016). Dehydration, skeletal muscle damage and inflammation before the competitions among the elite wrestlers. Journal of physical therapy science, 28(1), 162-168.
Isik, O., Yildirim, I., Ersoz, Y., Koca, H. B., Dogan, I., & Ulutas, E. (2018). Monitoring of pre-competition dehydration-induced skeletal muscle damage and inflammation levels among elite wrestlers. Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation, 31(3), 533-540.
Rossow, L. M., Fukuda, D. H., Fahs, C. A., Loenneke, J. P., & Stout, J. R. (2013). Natural bodybuilding competition preparation and recovery: a 12-month case study. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 8(5), 582-592.
Mäestu, J., Jürimäe, J., Valter, I., & Jürimäe, T. (2008). Increases in ghrelin and decreases in leptin without altering adiponectin during extreme weight loss in male competitive bodybuilders. Metabolism, 57(2), 221-225.
Hagmar, M., Berglund, B., Brismar, K., & Hirschberg, A. L. (2013). Body composition and endocrine profile of male Olympic athletes striving for leanness. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 23(3), 197-201
Utter AC. The new National Collegiate Athletic Association wrestling weight certification program and sport-seasonal changes in body composition of college wrestlers. J Strength Cond Res 2001;3:296–301.
Anderson RA, Bryden NA, Polansky MM, et al. Effects of carbohydrate loading and underwater exercise on circulating cortisol, insülin and urinary losses of hromium and zinc. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1991;63:146–150.
Witbracht, M. G., Laugero, K. D., Van Loan, M. D., Adams, S. H., & Keim, N. L. (2012). Performance on the Iowa Gambling Task is related to magnitude of weight loss and salivary cortisol in a diet-induced weight loss intervention in overweight women. Physiology & behavior, 106(2), 291-297.
Tomiyama, A. J., Mann, T., Vinas, D., Hunger, J. M., DeJager, J., & Taylor, S. E. (2010). Low calorie dieting increases cortisol. Psychosomatic medicine, 72(4), 357.
Dallman, M. F., Strack, A. M., Akana, S. F., Bradbury, M. J., Hanson, E. S., Scribner, K. A., & Smith, M. (1993). Feast and famine: critical role of glucocorticoids with insulin in daily energy flow. Frontiers in neuroendocrinology, 14(4), 303-347.
Rosmond, R. (2003). Stress induced disturbances of the HPA axis: a pathway to type 2 diabetes?. Medical Science Monitor, 9(2), RA35-RA39.
Lambillotte, C., Gilon, P., & Henquin, J. C. (1997). Direct glucocorticoid inhibition of insulin secretion. An in vitro study of dexamethasone effects in mouse islets. The Journal of clinical investigation, 99(3), 414-423.
Plowman, S. A., & Smith, D. L. (2013). Exercise physiology for health fitness and performance. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Wilmore, J.H, Costill, D.L. “Physiology of Sport And Exercise”, Third Edition, Chapter 4. P:118-148, Chapter 13 P:425- 432, 2004.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 IJPANH
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
